Rail Bridge Pier Stabilization
The Job
This rail bridge pier stabilization project is located adjacent to the Congaree National Park. This project was a capital repair to a bridge pier for a Class I railroad. The rail line serves the Port of Charleston, SC.
The Challenge
The Congaree River south east of Columbia, South Carolina frequently sees high flow events, inundating the surrounding low country. At the transition from timber trestle to a bridge, the first bridge pier was originally constructed of stone. The pier bears on a timber mat with timber pile supports. Over time, the river channel migrated and began to expose the timber substructure and scour below the pier.
The nearest road was more than four miles away through impassible swamp. So, all work had to be performed from the river. All material had to be pumped across the bridge, a distance of approximately 600 feet. Due to the compressive nature of the underlying materials, any backfill material needed to be as light as possible. But, due to the high likelihood of flooding, couldn’t contribute significant potential uplift.
The Solution
To address the scour, minimize additional load to the underlying soils, and ensure long term stability of the structure, a third party consultant designed a two tier sheet pile jacket for the structure. They specified the backfill material as 65lb/cuft cellular concrete for the lower segment. And, approximately 45lb/cuft cellular concrete for the upper segment.
CJGeo designed mixes which would meet these requirements:
- be pumpable 600LF,
- tolerate the high vibration environment from the more than 12 trains per day, and
- facilitate a short installation timeframe.
After the general contractor installed the first level of sheet piling and dewatered the area, CJGeo placed approximately 150CY of 65lb/cuft CJFill-Under Water material. Next came installation of the second, smaller diameter sheeting ring. CJGeo then filled the annular space between it and the necked down pier with 45lb/cuft CJFill-Standard material.
CJGeo generated and placed all of the CJFill low density controlled low strength material over a period of four days onsite.
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HRSD 24″ Forcemain Abandonment
The Job
HRSD‘s Virginia Beach Boulevard Forcemain Replacement project installed more than a mile of new pipe to replace an aging 24″ force main. The owner specified forcemain abandonment using grout.
The Challenge
The original alignment was outside the pavement limits. Over time due to extensive widening, most of the pipe was now under the roadway. The areas not under the roadway crossed under significant commercial & residential development.
To avoid the risk of utility strikes digging access pits, and disruption to traffic and citizens, the number of access points needed to be limited.
The Forcemain Abandonment Solution
CJGeo grouted more than 7,000LF of the 24″ pipe over a period of four working days onsite, using CJFill-Ultra Lightweight. The CJFill-UL completely filled each run of pipe. This was verified by uniform material venting from the far end of each run. Run lengths for the forcemain abandonment ranged from 450LF to more than 2000LF.
The CJFill-UL for this project was generated onsite using the wet batch process. Wet batching uses slurry delivered to the site by ready mix trucks. This method was best here because of very limited access at each of the placement points. The relatively short runs also lean towards wet batching.
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DeRuyter Reservoir Outfall Abandonment
The Job
This outfall abandonment project is located in Upstate New York. The DeRuyter Reservoir, in DeRuyter, New York, is a 557 reservoir that’s originally part of the Erie Canal system.
As part of a dam upgrade project, the three parallel 22″ diameter, 300LF outfall pipes were to be abandoned. Along with a stone box culvert downstream of the valve chamber the pipes terminated into.
The Challenge
Each of the three pipes had been previously blindly flanged by divers. Therefore, the only access was from the downstream end within the valve chamber. In order to vent the air displaced by the abandonment grout, vent or placement points needed to be installed just behind the upstream blind flanges. The blind flanges are approximately 40′ below the water surface.
The Solution
CJGeo worked with the general contractor to design an internal venting system utilizing sacrificial placement pipes installed from the valve chamber. After each of the sacrificial grout pipes was installed, the downstream terminations were bulkheaded, with vent stubs.
CJGeo mobilized a cellular grouting crew, who placed 30lb/cuft CJFill-Ultra Lightweight cellular concrete through each of the sacrificial grout pipes, until grout returned to the bulkhead vents, confirming fill. The work took two days. The first day for the abandonment pipes and first lift in the box culvert, and the second day for a top-off pour on the box culvert.
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Toe Drain Abandonment
The Job
This toe drain abandonment project is located outside of Washington, DC. Lake Whetstone is an approximately 30-acre manmade impoundment located in Montgomery County, Maryland. The approximately 1000LF earthen dam provides stormwater runoff control and recreation.
As part of a retrofit program of the embankment, two 8″, perforated CMP toe drain pipes need to be grouted for a minimum of 100LF, under active flow.
The Challenge
Each of the two, 100′ long pipes needed to be grout filled. The pipes are only could only be accessable from the downstream end of the pipes. One pipe had nominal flow, and the second pipe had approximately 10GPM of flow. Each discharges through an end wall structure at the stilling basin.
The Solution
The project designer, Gannett Fleming, specified NSF Section 61 certified grout (potable water contact) for the abandonment grout. Due to the “one-shot” nature of the project, above-ground mockups, including sacrificial pipe installation, chemical grout cup testing, yield analysis, and visual inspection, were all required prior to the start of grouting.
While most abandonment grouting uses high mobility cement grout, like CJFill-Ultra Lightweight, chemical grout was the best option for this abandonment. Chemical grout’s reaction speed (and therefore mobility) is controllable onsite by variable catalyst dosing. This helps ensure minimizing any migration of grout into adjacent structures or waterways.
CJGeo performed the onsite mockup testing and analysis, and then grouted the two pipes in place successfully over a period of two days onsite.
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MSE Wall Lightweight Backfill
The Job
This MSE wall lightweight backfill project is located near Richmond, Virginia. The geotechnical investigation for a double bridge replacement in Amelia County, Virginia found a layer of compressible soils below four proposed abutments.
Anticipated settlement exceeded allowable settlement, so the abutments were designed to be backfilled with expanded shale lightweight aggregate.
The two parallel bridges have an AAWDT of 14,000. They carry a rural divided highway (US-360) over Norfolk Southern Railway & Business 360 in Amelia Courthouse, Virginia.
The Challenge
Lightweight fill placement had to be unaffected by frequent rail traffic, have a limited footprint, and be economical. The anticipated settlement at design was 2.5 inches. A challenge arose during construction mobilization due to Covid-related issues. There was nowhere to stockpile the lightweight aggregate onsite. But the trucking market was so unreliable, that the material needed to be staged onsite. This was to ensure continuous MSE wall construction.
The Solution
CJGeo provided a value engineering proposal to utilize 30lb/cuft CJFill-Ultra Lightweight cellular concrete in place of the expanded shale lightweight aggregate. This significantly reduced the unit weight of the lightweight fill. Given the 70lb/cuft density used in the design, further reducing the anticipated settlement.
CJGeo mobilized a 200CY/hour low density controlled low strength material (LD-CLSM) plant to the site and placed lifts ranging in size from 35 to 300CY. Wall erection crews were able to walk on the in-place cellular concrete without leaving footprints as quickly as 4 hours after each placement.
The total project volume was approximately 7200CY.
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Multiplate Tunnel Grouting
The Job
This multiplate tunnel grouting project is located in Asheville, North Carolina. During a real estate transaction, civil engineers walked a 1400LF run of 14′ diameter multiplate tunnel running underneath a strip center and multiple outparcels.
A previous inspection had indicated impending section loss of the pipe due to corrosion and had recommended grouting of incidental voids, but no work had been performed at that time.
The pipe, which had up to 20′ of cover, bypasses a large stream and runs under 200LF of building footprint, the main entrance roadway, two out-parcels, and ties into an NCDOT box culvert to discharge.
The Challenge
Significant debris was present in the pipe, and access was exceptionally difficult. Because dewatering was not practical, all work proposed had to be performed underflow.
The Solution
CJGeo proposed polyurethane backgrouting using plural component CJGrout material, specifically CJGrout 35NHV61.
CJGrout 35NHV61 is a hydro insensitive, moderate mobility grout. It’s designed for backgrouting in wet environments, and is certified for potable water contact.
Despite a bear wandering into the pipe during repairs, CJGeo crews successfully backgrouted the pipe to address piping and erosion outside of the structure over a period of two weeks. More than 40,000 pounds of CJGrout 35NHV61 were needed for this 14′ CMP repair project.
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Stone Arch Lightweight Backfill
The Job
This stone arch lightweight backfill project is located in Somerset, New Jersey. The stone arch bridge, constructed in the 1800s, was experiencing significant scour at the bases of the arch. This caused differential settlement of the structure, and deterioration of the wing walls.
The bridge is adjacent to a historic mill structure. Due to historic preservation requirements, the structure had to be maintained in kind, as opposed to replaced.
The bridge was originally bearing on shallow stone foundations.
The Challenge
As part of rehabilitating the structure, structural engineers designed two new mass footings in the stream bed to underpin the edges of the stone arch. Then, to strengthen the arch designed a 12″ thick reinforced concrete arch overlay on top of the stone arch for the full length/width of the bridge.
In order to compensate for this additional weight, designers determined that a lightweight fill material was needed to reduce the chances of inducing settlement.
Designers also evaluated remedial deep foundations but determined that lightweight fill was the fastest and most economical solution.
The Solution
After the structure had been rehabilitated, CJGeo installed 325CY of 30lb/cuft CJFill-Ultra Lightweight to complete the stone arch lightweight backfill installation. Placed in lifts up to 4 feet thick, the work was took just three days.
By using 30lb/cuft closed cell cellular grout, the dead load on the underlying soil decreased by up to 935lbs/sqft relative to compacted soil backfill.
Cellular concrete is self-consolidating and pumpable hundreds of feet. Therefore, single side access was not a problem, and no compaction equipment was necessary.
A crew of two workers completed the pour using continuous wet batch generation. CJGeo chose wet batch generation due to the relatively small daily volume of material placement.
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Sewer Collapse Sinkhole Repair
The Job
This sewer collapse sinkhole repair project is located in central Virginia. When the operators of a tire and auto shop noticed a sinkhole developing next to their building. They weren’t sure what to do. After an employee crawled into the hole and discovered that he could stand up underneath their building, the owner reached out to the city. City crews determined that a 20″ VCP combined sewer & storm pipe had collapsed under the structure, roughly 25′ below grade.
The Challenge
An on-call contractor for the city installed a new manhole and rerouted the pipe around the building. However, addressing the sinkhole was out of their businesses’ scope. The project manager reached out to CJGeo, who visited the site and recommended DCP testing to better quantify the extent of the problem.
The Solution
DCP testing showed that outside of the large hole on the surface, there was little deep disturbance. Working with the city’s consulting engineer, CJGeo developed a grouting plan to install two different CJGrouts. 20SDB in the bulk voids near the surface. And 35NHV61 for soil grouting to address voids within the underlying ground near the failed sewer line.
While onsite for just 6 hours, a CJGeo crew completed the work with zero disruption to the businesses’ operations.
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Coal Pier Sinkhole Grouting
The Job
This pier sinkhole grouting project by CJGeo is located at the mouth of the Elizabeth River, off the Chesapeake Bay. With an annual throughput capacity of 48 million tons, Norfolk Southern’s Pier 6 at Lamberts Point in Norfolk, Virginia is one of the largest coal trans-loading facilities in the world. As an around-the-clock facility built around precision logistics, there’s little tolerance for disruption or downtime.
The Challenge
When two sinkholes opened up at the end of Pier 6 adjacent to the bulkhead, railroad personnel reached out to an onsite maintenance contractor. Steel plates were installed to provide temporary protection while a long-term solution could be implemented.
The Solution
CJGeo performed DCP testing at the site in order to quantify the depth of voids below the pavement adjacent to the sinkholes. The DCP testing showed that in addition to large voids visible from the sinkholes immediately below the pavement, there were large pockets of voids down to 15’ below the surface.
CJGeo crews then used CJGrout 35NHV61, a hydro insensitive, NSF-certified geotechnical polyurethane to fill all voids and restore stability to the area. The grouting work took five hours onsite to install 3400 pounds of material, with zero disruption to operations.
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PA Turnpike Undersealing
The Job
This PA Turnpike undersealing project is located on the Northeast Extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike. The Northeast Extension runs from Philadelphia to Scranton. As part of a 24 lane mile mill & pave rehabilitation on the Pennsylvania Turnpike, slab stabilization was required. The Turnpike’s specification for stabilization is either liquid asphalt or polyurethane.
In this work area, the turnpike has two northbound and two southbound lanes. A cast in place barrier wall separates the lanes. The pavement is an approximately nine inch thick rigid concrete with up to eight inches of asphalt overlay. Joint spacing ranges from twenty feet to eighty feet.
The Challenge
In order to keep MOT in place continuously, work had to be done 24 hours per day. Multiple mobilizations were used to work around bridge repairs at three different overpasses in the undersealing work area.
The Solution
CJGeo proposed undersealing with CJGrout 40NHL, a 4.0 lb/cuft free rise polyurethane grout formulated specifically for undersealing thick pavements in transportation environments. 40NHL is hydro insensitive, so performs well in wet environments, as confirmed with NYSDOT GTP-9 testing.
Using a double gang drill and single grout truck, CJGeo crews undersealed up to 1.8 lane miles per shift. Drilling operations happened overnight. Grouting during the day is safest, and allows for easy visualization of the entire zone of influence. By working continuously, the general contractor was able to keep MOT in place continuously, avoiding the cost of setting and pulling MOT each day.
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