Indoor Pool Abandonment
The Job
This indoor pool abandonment project is located in West Virginia, at Concord University. A swimming pool built in the 1970’s was no longer in use, and had sat empty for years. As part of a renovation, the pool had to be filled in order to pour a slab and prepare the room for other uses.
The Challenge
Like many buildings in the mountains, the original site sloped. A retaining/basement wall passes through the building close to the deep end of the pool, whose sloped floor roughly follows the original grade of the site. The structural engineer had to concerns about backfilling the pool:
- increasing lateral loads on the adjacent basement wall if a heavy, granular material was used for the fill material
- causing settlement by filling the pool with material heavier than the water it was designed to hold, and which the underlying soils had seen for years
The original bid had two options: filling the pool entirely with 57 stone, or filling it entirely with 2lb/cuft EPS blocks.
The Solution
Geofoam blocks would have addressed both the axial and lateral load challenges. However, EPS would take a few weeks to import, cut, and place. 57 stone would have been least expensive, but increased lateral and axial loads beyond those of water.
CJGeo proposed a value engineered alternative to fill the bottom 70% of the pool with 25lb/cuft CJFill-Ultra Lightweight low density cellular fill (LDCF), topped with 57 stone, and then a new floor slab. The structural engineer, architect and owner all accepted the proposed change. The general contractor was excited to save weeks out of their schedule.
A single CJGeo dry batch cellular concrete crew performed the work over two days. The first lift, of 400 cubic yards took about two hours to place, and was roughly 6 feet deep. The second lift, around 350 cubic yards, also took about two hours to place. The day after CJGeo wrapped up, the general contractor was able to start placing the 57 stone on top of the CJFill-Ultra Lightweight fill.
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WWTP Tunnel Curtain Grouting
The Job
This WWTP tunnel curtain grouting project is located in Syracuse, New York. It is located immediately adjacent to the southern shore of Onandaga Lake in an area that is historical infill.
The Challenge
A 700 foot long, 17 feet deep utility tunnel runs through the treatment plant site. Inside are numerous site utilities, including large diameter waste lines, along with many smaller diameter chemical and treatment lines.
Over time, the tunnel walls have developed leaks, accentuated by the highly variable fill material outside of the structure. When it rains, water enters the tunnel, which has roughly three feet of cover.
The Solution
As part of a large project at the plant, plans call for curtain grouting the length of the tunnel with polyurethane grout. Curtain grouting can be done two ways:
- through the structure walls, using holes drilled through the structure, or
- from the surface, using tubing inserted down along the exterior face of the wall
In this case, the interior walls of the tunnel were not uniformly accessible due to the number of utilities mounted on the wall. CJGeo designed a grouting program using the sacrificial tubes from the surface method. The advantage of this method in this case was that the density of utilities on the inside face of the structure didn’t affect the ability to uniformly introduce grout along the outside surface of the structure.
A CJGeo chemical grouting crew placed nearly 1300 gallons of single component polyurethane resin on this WWTP curtain grouting project. The work took about three weeks start to finish. The general contractor had removed the backfill and installed a new waterproofing membrane over the tunnel lid and extending down the walls about one foot on each side.
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Flooded Shaft Grouting
The Job
This flooded shaft grouting project by CJGeo is located outside of Washington, DC at a data center site. As the 60″ microtunneling machine was entering the retrieval shaft, a piece broke off of the secant pile wall, and tore the seal. This resulted in water infiltration of around 600 gallons per minute into the shaft. The machine was recovered, but the shaft filled with nearly 15 feet of water in a matter of hours.
The casing crown has roughly 20 feet of cover, and is about 15 feet below the ground water level. The ground in the area is a mix of clays and sands. The tunnel is primarily in the underlying fractured rock. For the last 30 feet of tunnel before the secant pile receiving shaft, the tunnel is in a mix of weathered rock and sandy clay.
The Challenge
Having used CJGeo in the past to address high volume leaks into shafts, the tunneling contractor reached out to CJGeo for this flood shaft grouting problem. The primary constraints were:
- time – the project was already behind schedule
- water management – any groundwater was considered contaminated
Typically, grouting a leak such as this would be as simple as throwing bigger pumps into the shaft, dewatering it, then grouting the leak from inside the shaft. However, because of the costs associated with treating potentially very high volumes of water at this site, this wasn’t an option.
The Solution
CJGeo proposed, and then successfully performed, a two stage grouting program. Primary grouting was done using CJGrout 35NHV61 geotechnical polyurethane on a Saturday. The CJGrout 35NHV61 was installed immediately behind the secant pile wall through three holes drilled from the surface to intercept the over cut. Grout injection through these holes resulted in grout return to the retrieval shaft. Off gassing also showed up at the launch shaft. This indicates that the rapid inflow of water during the flooding event had washed out some of the mud in the over cut.
After completion of the plural component primary seal injection, CJGeo dye tested the primary grouting program. This was done through Tube-A-Manchette grout pipes installed using sonic drilling along the tunnel alignment, further out from the shaft. No dyed water returned to either shaft.
The following day (Sunday), CJGeo performed permeation grouting using colloidal silica through the TAM grouting tubes. This secondary grouting program served two purposes:
- seal any rock fractures that weren’t penetrable by the higher viscosity plural component polyurethane grout
- replace any overcut mud washed out during the initial flooding event
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New Jersey permeation grouting
The Job
This New Jersey permeation grouting project is located in Elizabeth, New Jersey. It is at a large wastewater treatment plant owned by the JMEUC.
The Challenge
During installation of a new building on site, a large excavation was required. Primarily comprised of H piles and wood lagging, it crossed a 24 foot wide influent conduit. The influent conduit is a double barrel box structure, cast in place on 12 inch thick bed of open graded stone.
During test pitting to the bottom of footing elevation, the test pit appeared to be tidally influenced. The site is immediately adjacent to a creek that feeds into the Elizabeth River. At high tide, and due to the permeability of the stone layer, inflow into the test pit was not controllable, and was higher than the footing elevation.
Specific challenges here included:
- potentially high velocity water flows due to tidal influence
- 12 foot minimum spacing of grout holes due to structure wall locations
- potential fouling of bedding stone with fines
The Solution
The general contractor reached out to CJGeo about grouting the stone bed. The structure is 24 feet wide, but only has a single, eight inch wall down the middle.
CJGeo proposed that a coring contractor drill a two inch core down through the center and side walls from the surface. This gave us three access points to place grout from at each location.
Due to the large grout hole spacing, CJGeo selected acrylic grout. Acrylics are excellent for this type of application because they are exceptionally low viscosity (pump & flow pretty much like water).
A single CJGeo chemical grouting crew performed the acrylic grouting over two days onsite. Afterwards, infiltration into the excavation was down to a submersible garden hose pump. The use of acrylic grout ensured that:
- coverage was uniform despite the large distance between placement points
- any fines fouling the bedding stone were uniformly bound together, immobilized & made impermeable
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SOE Leak Grouting
The Job
This SOE leak grouting project is located in Alexandria, Virginia. It is part of the RiverRenew project, which is a large CSO tunnel and drop shaft project. This location is immediately adjacent to the Woodrow Wilson Bridge, and the Potomac River.
The Challenge
At a drop shaft location, the contract installed two parallel slurry walls between an existing combined sewer box culvert and a drop shaft to the new tunnel. During excavation of the pit, two high volume leaks, each around 125GPM opened up below the existing conduit.
The customer installed road plates to stabilize the area, and pumped flowable fill behind the road plates. This provided short term stability to the area, but did not address the high velocity flow of water through an unanticipated open graded sand seam that was causing the leaks.
The Solution
CJGeo mobilized a grouting crew capable of performing both high volume geotechnical polyurethane grouting and acrylic permeation grouting at the same time for this SOE leak grouting work. The first step was to install CJGrout 35NHV61 to fill voids which had washed out immediately behind the road plates.
After grouting the bulk voids and slowing the velocity of the leaks, CJGeo installed acrylic grout up to 20 feet behind the slurry wall face. The only way to reliably stop water flow through sands is to bind them together with a very low viscosity grout. The acrylic grout installed on this project has a viscosity less than 10 centipoise. This allows it to uniformly permeate the sands, react into a cooked egg white consistency, and make the treated sands impermeable.
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SOE Closure Manchette Grouting
The Job
This SOE closure Manchette grouting project is located in Alexandria, Virginia. It is part of the RiverRenew project, a large CSO project.
The Challenge
As part of this project, a diversion structure and drop shaft were being installed to pull flow off of an existing sewer tunnel. The box tunnel is around 8′ wide. The SOE will facilitate installation of the diversion chamber. Excavation within the SOE called for closing the gap between slurry wall panels. This is to be done under the existing structure with steel lagging.
However, the closure is below ground water table. The “marsh” deposits soils require stabilization prior to excavation. The conceptual design from the owner called for permeation grouting tied into an underlying clay layer. The clay layer is approximately 50′ below existing grade.
The Solution
CJGeo proposed performing the permeation grouting to cut off ground water flow and stabilize the soils for excavation using an acrylic grout. Due to the relatively deep required depth, traditional percussion driven installation tubing wasn’t possible. CJGeo used sonic drilling to install the TAM tubing.
To ensure accurate placement at depth, CJGeo used the TAM grouting method. TAM grouting, or Tube-a-Manchette, uses special grout casing installed by drilling to grout through.
CJGeo performed this SOE closure Manchette grouting work over a period of two weeks.
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Pregrouting for Hand Mining
The Job
This large CSO project in Alexandria, Virginia required pregrouting for hand mining. The hand mining was to install a new pipe below an existing influent tunnel, which is on piles. The hand mined tunnel was to connect two a secant pile shaft to a slurry wall pit, which are roughly 25′ apart.
The Challenge
The challenges on this project included:
- no drilling allowed without pre-probing
- 3′ thick secant pile walls
- unknown exact pile support layout of influent tunnel
- fully saturated soils
- potential debris in backfill under existing influent tunnel
The Solution
CJGeo proposed performing the permeation grouting using acrylate. Acrylate is exceptionally low viscosity, so well suited to the organic, fine-grained soils. Previous permeation grouting on the project was done with acrylamide. However, acrylamide is neurotoxic and carcinogenic, so the owner was happy to learn about acrylate, which has very similar properties, but is not neurotoxic or carcinogenic.
To avoid drilling, CJGeo developed a pushed/driven probe grouting installation. This approach uses 1/2″ diameter steel tubing driven to depth, and then grouted through during extraction.
The 3′ thick secant pile walls didn’t pose too much of an issue, clearance holes were drilled with hand-held percussion drills.
Drilling wasn’t allowed. The owner and design team were concerned about potentially hitting and damaging the pile foundation. Because there was the potential for debris, there would be no way to distinguish debris from a pile until it was potentially too late. By using groutable probe rods, CJGeo avoided all of this risk.
The fully saturated soils had relatively low permeability, and the site was constrained on two sides by the existing SOE structures. Performing permeation grouting when below the water table you’re limits the placement rate by the ability to displace the existing groundwater. Because of the water-tight walls on two sides of this pregrouting for hand mining application, take was slower than originally anticipated.
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Launch Shaft Permeation Grouting
The Job
This launch shaft permeation grouting project is located in Fort Myers, Florida. As part of a utility installation project, a 60″ MTBM was being launched from a shaft sunk in the middle of a nest of buried utilities, adjacent to an arterial roadway. Utilities included water, sewer, ITS, traffic signals, and others. The MTBM launch elevation was approximately 18′ below ground water.
The Challenge
The shaft installation contractor and adjacent open cut utility installations had experienced flowing sands, which had proven problematic. The tunneling contractor knew that without increasing the stability of the soils adjacent to 60″ hole they needed to cut in the sheet pile shaft walls, there would likely be significant loss of ground into the shaft, potentially damaging the adjacent utilities and roadway.
Soils excavated from the shaft were primarily fine sands, silty sands, and silt. Previous attempts at grouting the same soils with a prepolymer chemical grout had proven unsuccessful.
The Solution
CJGeo determined that acrylic grout would be the most appropriate. Acrylate can bind the soils together very well. This makes flowing silty sands stand vertically during cutting of the launch hold in the sheet pile wall.
Because acrylic grouts have single digit viscosities, they are able to permeate very find grained soils with ease, ensuring uniform stabilization.
CJGeo performed the launch shaft permeation grouting via holes cut in the sheet piling, and treated an approximately 8CY mass of soil. In addition to grouting the soils immediately adjacent to the launch hole, CJGeo performed leak stop grouting on numerous nuisance leaks throughout the joints of the sheet pile shaft.
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MTBM Recovery Grouting
The Job
This MTBM recovery grouting project is located in Florida. When a 42″ MTBM stopped advancing under the shoulder of I-75 in Miami, Florida, the tunneling contractor had to sink a shaft adjacent to the roadway, and then hand mine in to recover the machine.
The Challenge
The MTBM was stalled approximately four feet from where the recover shaft was sunk. The face of the machine was under the shoulder. The tail of the machine was under the outside lane of the interstate. The machine was approximately 15′ below ground water level. There was also extensive ground water infiltration into the sheet pile rescue shaft. Further complicating things, an intelligent transportation system duct bank runs right over where the machine came to a halt.
In order to ensure that the ground would be stable to facilitate hand mining in from the shaft while avoiding settlement of the interstate, the tunneling contractor reached out to CJGeo about increasing the stability of the soils.
The desire was to increase the stability of the soils. However, the treated soils had to be hand excavatable by divers working in a casing slightly larger than the MTBM. Soils in the desired treatment zone included lime rock, course sands and silty sands.
The Solution
CJGeo determined that acrylic grout would be the most appropriate to bind the soils together. This method would also significantly reduce their permeability, but still facilitate hand excavation in an underwater confined space.
The failure mechanism of the MTBM was unknown. So, CJGeo grouted the zone between the MTBM face and the rescue shaft. We then grouted a collar around the entire MTBM machine in case the machine needed to be completely uncovered.
CJGeo successfully performed the permeation grouting, then divers excavated back to the machine, freeing it. The grouted face held once the receiving ring was installed and the sheet pile wall cut. The treatment zone soil was easily excavatable for the divers.
In addition to grouting the soils, CJGeo’s crew also performed grouting of numerous nuisance ground water leaks through various joints in the sheet pile shaft.
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Acid Drainage Grouting
The Job
This acid drainage grouting project is located in West Virginia. A 72″ CMP stream diversion pipe under a coal stockpile at a coal mine in West Virginia was experiencing acidic water infiltration. This was causing bypassed stream water to become acidic, so regulators required all of the stream flow to be pumped to treatment ponds and treated. This was expensive, and the flow volume was greater than the design capacity of the treatment system.
The Challenge
Access was quite challenging. The pipe was either 700LF or 1300LF from the nearest access points to the farthest grouting location. Additionally, the infiltrating water was pH 2.
Due to location, all personnel had to be MSHA 40 hour trained, and the company registered as a mine contractor with the state.
The Solution
CJGeo recommended a hydrophobic prepolymer chemical grout with an extensive performance history in high acidity environments. CJGeo crews sealed a combination of 20 joint leaks and point infiltration sources using the prepolymer chemical grout.
To address acidic water migrating through the stone dust backfill outside of the pipe, CJGeo crews then grouted an in-situ cutoff wall in the trench just downstream of the lowest leak using permeation grouting. Permeation grouting is optimal for creating small footprint cutoff walls because it typically doesn’t require large equipment. The mine operator installed two dewatering wells immediately upstream of the cutoff wall to intercept and pump out the acidic drainage, to keep it isolated from the stream water.
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